De nuevo no tengo nada de tiempo X_X. Me han pasado muchas cosas difíciles, muchas otras buenas. Mi cabeza es un remolino.
Mientras tanto, exploro las páginas de Scott Gilbert (el autor del
libro que casi pierdo!!) y están estupendas. Incluso tienen secciones de humor.. demasiaaaaado biológicas jaja. Los artículos que contiene
Zygote son sumamente interesantes.
Uno que de entrada me llamó la atención es sobre como gemelos verdaderos presentan fenotipos diferentes (es decir, no se parecen):
"(...) recent data have suggested that each of a pair of one-egg twins can develop very differently from the other, and these findings of "discordant monozygotic twins" have raised concerns about the assumptions underlying those studies that presume each of a pair of identical twins will develop the same way. In fact, Hall (1996) hypothesizes that the mechanism underlying the separation of blastomeres (which leads to identical twinning) may be genetic changes that distinguish the cells from each other. In this scenario, "identical" twinning is caused by the non-identity of the early blastomeres.
There are several cases in which identical twins can have discordant phenotypes. The major routes involve aneuploidy, X-chromosome inactivation differences, imprinting, and circulatory differences."
Una de las formas más extrañas es la de la Fecundación del Cuerpo Polar O_o:
"Between the concepts of monozygous twins and dizygous twins is the idea of polar body twins. In such cases, one sperm is thought to fertilize the egg, while another sperm is thought to fertilize a polar body. Bieber and colleagues (1981) analysed an acardiac fetus of a normal co-twin. Such embryos without hearts are only found to exist in situations of twinning, where circulation from the normal twin keeps the abnormal twin alive. In this case, the abnormal, acardiac, twin was an XXX triploid, having three complete chromosome sets. Analysis of chromosomes and major histocompatability antigens showed that the acardiac twin was preoduced from the fertilization of a sperm with the diploid first meiotic division polar body."
Algunos datos sobre Gemelos pegados:
CONJOINED TWINS
* are identical twins who develop with a single placenta from a single fertilized ovum.
* are always the same sex and race.
* are more often female than male, at a ratio of 3:1.
* occur as often as once in every 40,000 births but only once in every 200,000 live births.
* are more likely to occur in India or Africa than in China or the United States.
* may be caused by any number of factors, being influenced by genetic and environmental conditions. It is presently thought that these factors are responsible for the failure of twins to separate after the 13th day after fertilization. Conjoined twins can be artificially generated in amphibians by constricting the embryo so that two embryos form, one on each side of the constriction.
* There are no documented cases of conjoined triplets or quadruplets.
No explica por qué es más probable en India y África! alguien sabe?